What is allergic rhinitis? Allergic rhinitis is inflammation of the lining of the nose caused by an allergic reaction. The immune system reacts to usually harmless substances such as dust mites, pollen, mould spores or animal dander. This reaction releases chemicals including histamine, which can lead to sneezing, itching, nasal blockage and a runny nose.
Common symptoms Symptoms may include repeated sneezing, clear nasal discharge, an itchy nose, blocked breathing through the nose, postnasal drip, watery or itchy eyes and a reduced sense of smell. Some people have seasonal symptoms, while others experience them throughout the year.
What causes it? Common triggers include house-dust mites, pollen, mould, pet dander and some workplace exposures. Smoke, perfume and strong odours do not usually cause the allergy itself, but they may worsen symptoms in an already sensitive nose.
How is it diagnosed? Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, medical history and examination of the nose. Allergy testing may be recommended when the trigger is unclear, symptoms are persistent, or immunotherapy is being considered. Other conditions such as non-allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, nasal polyps or a deviated septum may cause similar symptoms.
Treatment options Treatment depends on symptom severity and the trigger. It may include reducing exposure to known allergens, saline nasal rinses, antihistamines and prescribed corticosteroid nasal sprays. Correct spray technique is important. Allergen immunotherapy may be considered for selected patients after specialist assessment. Decongestant sprays should not be used for long periods unless specifically advised, because prolonged use can worsen congestion.
When should you see a doctor? Medical assessment is recommended when symptoms interfere with sleep, work or school; when breathing remains blocked despite treatment; when sinus or ear problems keep returning; or when the diagnosis is uncertain.
Living with allergic rhinitis Keeping bedding clean, reducing indoor dust, avoiding smoke and following the prescribed treatment plan can reduce symptoms. Treatment does not remove the allergic tendency, but it can provide good control for many patients.
This article is for general education and does not replace an individual medical assessment.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is allergic rhinitis contagious?
No. It is an allergic condition and cannot be passed from one person to another.
Can it affect sleep?
Yes. Nasal blockage and repeated sneezing may disturb sleep and contribute to daytime tiredness.
Are antibiotics useful?
Antibiotics do not treat allergic rhinitis. They are only used when a clinician diagnoses a bacterial infection.
Can children have allergic rhinitis?
Yes. It is common in children and may affect sleep, concentration and school performance.
When is allergy testing useful?
It may help when the trigger is unclear, symptoms remain uncontrolled or immunotherapy is being considered.
This information is for education only and does not replace medical assessment or treatment by a qualified physician.