What causes acne? Acne develops through a combination of excess oil production, blocked pores, inflammation and bacteria that normally live on the skin. Hormonal changes, family history, some medicines, friction and oily products may contribute. Acne is not caused by poor hygiene, and aggressive scrubbing can worsen irritation.
Types of acne Non-inflammatory acne includes blackheads and whiteheads. Inflammatory acne includes red papules, pustules, deeper nodules and cysts. Deep painful acne carries a higher risk of permanent scarring and should be assessed early.
Treatment Treatment depends on acne type, severity, skin sensitivity and pregnancy status. Options may include benzoyl peroxide, topical retinoids, azelaic acid, prescribed antibiotics, hormonal treatment for selected women or oral isotretinoin for severe resistant acne. Treatment usually takes several weeks before clear improvement is seen.
Skin care Use a gentle cleanser, non-comedogenic moisturiser and daily sunscreen. Avoid squeezing spots because this increases inflammation, dark marks and scarring. Products should be introduced gradually to reduce dryness and irritation.
Seek dermatology advice for painful nodules, scarring, persistent acne, sudden adult-onset acne or acne that affects confidence and wellbeing.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is acne caused by dirty skin?
No. Excessive washing can worsen irritation.
How long does treatment take?
Noticeable improvement often requires six to eight weeks or longer.
Should spots be squeezed?
No. Squeezing increases the risk of marks and scars.
When is isotretinoin considered?
For selected severe, scarring or treatment-resistant acne under specialist supervision.
This information is for education only and does not replace medical assessment or treatment by a qualified physician.